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For those of us who grew up with conventional electromagnets, it is very strange to see an electromagnet that is not connected to an external power source. But that is what happens with a superconducting magnet. After a current has been established i...
Book Chapter
It seems almost counterintuitive that wet air should be less dense than dry air and float in the sky. But the beauty of the cirrus and cumulus attest to this as we gaze at the myriad shapes and forms above us. Cloud formation reveals to us properties...
Book Chapter
Medical questions were very important during the Skylab mission from May 1973 until February 1974. At the most basic level the scientists wanted to know if the astronauts would lose weight during prolonged stays in space. This chapter begins by tak...
Book Chapter
In what now seems like physics folklore, the young patent clerk Albert Einstein proposed that light behaves like a particle—known as a photon—and that each photon has an energy that depends on its frequency. More precisely, Einstein attributed an...
Book Chapter
Although Isaac Newton probably never bowled a perfect 300 game, his physics can be used to analyze the sport of bowling. The collision of the ball with the bowling pins—and the collisions of the pins themselves—must obey the conservation laws. T...
Book Chapter
A converging lens bends all rays of light parallel to the principal axis (the axis of symmetry of the lens) in such a way that they converge at a single point referred to as the focus. The lens also takes the light emerging from one point and focuse...
Book Chapter
Edwin Hubble showed that most stars (and galaxies) are receding from Earth. Because of the expansion, the frequencies of the spectral lines from the stars are shifted to lower values—that is, the light is redshifted. However, this is not the only ...
Book Chapter
When we think of forces, we usually imagine a push or a pull. Such a push or pull is assumed to be in the direction of the line connecting the pusher and the object pushed. Not so with the Lorentz force. A magnetic field acting on a moving charge pu...
Book Chapter
Nature has exhibited the effects of a variable index of refraction for a very long time. The index of refraction of air varies with its density. Therefore, the index of refraction of the Earth’s atmosphere decreases with altitude, and light rays be...
Book Chapter
Hos fast can you throw a baseball? How fast is a speeding bullet? Restricted to simple tools in the laboratory, this chapter explains how both measurements can be completed with a clever approach and some elementary physics. It then presents a challe...
Book Chapter
Every school-age kid has heard the prediction “What goes up must come down.” Many kids challenge it with a question relating to helium balloons. Some inquisitive and persistent kids have wondered what would happen if that object thrown up was g...
Book Chapter
Watching the Olympic Games is a reminder of the versatility of physics. The equations for projectile motion can be used to analyze many different track and field events. The athletes are not required to understand all of the physics, but coaches stud...
Book Chapter
All of the scenarios presented in this chapter have similar solutions. The trajectory of any object can be analyzed (without air resistance) by recognizing that the horizontal and vertical motions are independent of one another. The horizontal motion...
Book Chapter
Light plays such a crucial role in our lives that it’s very hard to imagine a universe without light. But what is light? How do we describe its behavior? We have two basic models that we can use to describe light—particle behavior and light beh...
Book Chapter
Can you keep a secret? Is it possible to send a signal out so that one person will receive the signal but another will not? The scenario presented in this chapter is a young radio amateur who maintains a link with two friends living in two towns. Two...