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What's new for July 19th on NSTA’s various online outposts

By Howard Wahlberg

Posted on 2010-07-19

Highlights of stimulating conversations taking place right now on our listservs:

  • Biology—Blood typing, first day activities, board games, job interview help;
  • Chemistry—Student response systems (clickers), and the chemical differences between plastic and vinyl;
  • Earth Science—More recommendations on what sort of GPS device to buy;
  • Physics—Selecting the right whiteboard for your needs.

In NSTA’s online professional learning communities, we welcome our 13 new users this past week.
On our “core site” (www.nsta.org): learn about how NSTA is involved with National Lab Day and check out our web news digest, which is active with stories on the elusive Higgs Boson particle and how body shape may affect mental acuity.
On Facebook, science educators are discussing weather warnings, chemical disposal, and NASA’s Cassini Scientist for a Day program.
On LinkedIn, more direct posts from NSTA’s Career Center, and discussions about bluebirds and wood ducks.
And of course, on our Twitter stream, science educators are tweeting and re-tweeting about several freebies that NSTA offers, the upcoming national San Francisco conference, and more!
Renew Your Membership!
Now is the time to insure that you don’t miss a single journal issue or one minute of the time you use to network and build professional connections here in these online communities. Click the link above to renew your membership and insure that NSTA stays in your corner for your science education career!

Highlights of stimulating conversations taking place right now on our listservs:

 

Differentiated instruction in science

By Mary Bigelow

Posted on 2010-07-17

I am a science specialist and I teach students in first through fifth grades. My school is becoming the resource room building in the district. I expect to have large class sizes, 25–30 students, with mixed ability levels. I could have as many as 12 special education students in one class. I’d like to try differentiated inquiry science instruction. Can you suggest some resources?
—Jane, Waltham, MA
In an online interview, Carol Ann Tomlinson, a teacher and author of many publications on the topic, says differentiated instruction is a result of a teacher “acknowledging that kids learn in different ways, and responding by doing something about that through curriculum and instruction. A more dictionary-like definition is adapting content, process, and product in response to student readiness, interest, and/or learning profile.
Many teachers have been differentiating without ever attending a workshop on the topic. They have realized one-size-fits-all instruction doesn’t work with the diversity of students in their classrooms. Strategies such as flexible grouping, cooperative learning, learning contracts, learning stations/centers, tiered assignments, independent study, direct instruction, authentic and alternative assessments, multimedia, inquiry, and problem-based learning can be used skillfully and purposefully to fit the many needs and varied interests of their students.
On Tomlinson’s website, you can find out more about the topic. I would recommend her book The Differentiated Classroom, an easy-to-read discussion of the topic with examples and suggestions. On YouTube, use the phrase “differentiated instruction” to find videos of what this can look like in real classrooms, where students are engaged in the learning process through a variety of activities. It’s also encouraging to see how students are taking more responsibility for their learning in these classrooms.

For your science classes, consider the book Differentiated Instructional Strategies for Science, Grades K-8 available through NSTA’s Science Store with many sample lessons and assessment activities. You could also look at the February 2010 issue of Science Scope, which had differentiated instruction as its theme. Some of the ideas in the articles could be used in your upper grades.
The resources noted at the end of this response have more suggestions for planning and implementing differentiated instruction. An important consideration is  to relate the instructional activities to the learning goals of your curriculum and state standards. I observed a class in which some of the “differentiated” activities included coloring pages and find-a-word puzzles. I would certainly question their value in helping students learn science content and skills.
Your teaching assignment sounds like a challenging one. You mentioned in a follow-up note that you will see the students once a week in your role as science specialist. If the classroom teachers also provide instruction in science, it will be important to communicate with them to help students make connections between the lab and classroom activities. A quick glance at a few science notebooks would let you know what the students have been doing since their last visit to your lab. And the homeroom teacher can see what projects the students are doing with you.
With your special education students, you may have the opportunity to co-teach with a special education teacher or to work with a paraprofessional. Having another adult in the classroom to work with the students can be a valuable resource for your differentiated instruction. I’m hoping you also have planning time with them to learn more about the students and their learning plans.
Last month, a colleague in a similar situation asked about cooperative learning roles in the lab. The blog also has suggestions for organizational strategies and procedures in a lab situation.
Additional resources:

Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/fontplaydotcom/504443770/

[links updated 2019.08.19]

I am a science specialist and I teach students in first through fifth grades. My school is becoming the resource room building in the district. I expect to have large class sizes, 25–30 students, with mixed ability levels. I could have as many as 12 special education students in one class. I’d like to try differentiated inquiry science instruction. Can you suggest some resources?
—Jane, Waltham, MA

 

Summer reading

By Mary Bigelow

Posted on 2010-07-14

Science Scope Cover

Click here for the Table of Contents


I’m getting ready for a camping trip to the Berkshire Mountains in Massachusetts for some sightseeing and hiking later this month. In addition to attending a concert at Tanglewood and perhaps adding to my birding lifelist, I’m also looking forward to propping up my feet and reading in the fresh air. As I packed my bag of reading materials, I found some great ideas in this month’s A Diverse Summer Reading List and the NSTA Recommends feature. I also looked at Kick Off Summer with Reading in this month’s Science Teacher for another list of suggested books, and at the NSTA Recommends website you can get even more reading resources.
In addition to reading text materials, this month’s issue has articles relating to other types of “literacy.” Visual Literacy in Science has some terrific ideas for helping students to understand what information is communicated through the photographs, diagrams, tables, graphs, and sidebars in their textbooks or other documents. The authors have a set of four brief lessons that introduce students to the concept of visual literacy. This could be complementary to the “textbook tour” that many teachers use to point out the purpose of the table of contents, index, glossary, headings and subheadings, sidebars, and summaries. This type of instruction is important, especially when in the middle years, as students make the transition from “learning to read” to “”reading to learn.”

Two other articles address the “reading to learn” concept. When reading nonfiction text, such as a science article or textbook, it’s important for students to have strategies to process the content. Reading fast is not enough (and is probably inappropriate). Graphic organizers, such as the one described in Fishbone Diagrams, can help students to organize and make sense of the text. The authors of this article discuss how to use this and include many examples of student work. I’ve  often used these fishbones in cause-and-effect activities and in teacher workshop on root cause analysis, but I now see how they can be used in other contexts.
An Understanding for Their Method shows how students can learn about scientific inquiry through biographies of famous scientists. The article includes resources for the activity, such as a graphic organizer for the students and a list of book titles. If your school is fortunate enough to still have a librarian (don’t get me started on this!), share the list with him/her to see what you have available. Through online sources, you can check to see what titles might be in your local public library, too. And don’t forget that there are online sources, too. SciLinks has a collection of Scientists’ Biographies ranging from in-depth articles to brief summaries such as Famous People in the History of Energy and Nobel Prize Winners in chemistry, physics, medicine. And this article segues with the theme of Practical Ways to Assess and Change Students’ Perceptions of Scientists.
Bees in the News: Connecting Classroom Science to Real-Life Issues illustrates how students connected a news article with what they were learning about insects, food webs, adaptations, and the impact of human activity on other organisms. SciLinks has a set of website on Honeybees for middle schoolers (and also for 9–12 and K–4). Speaking of bees in the news, who would think about beekeeping in a city?
In a radio call-in show I was listening to, a caller very adamantly stated that students should be taught the steps of the scientific method. The author of Teaching the Practice of Science, Unteaching the “Scientific Method” would probably take issue with two points. The first would be the existence of a single, formulaic “method” that is and should be used in science investigations. In the article, he illustrates the many ways that investigations are conducted, including experimentation and observation. He also might mention that while a student may have memorized a list of steps, this is not the same as actually engaging in the questioning and creativity that are part of any science investigation. And I loved one of his headings: It’s OK to be baffled.
But you won’t be baffled by the instructional strategies described in Should We Continue Space Travel? (the blogging strategies could be adapted to any topic). If you do use the topic of Space Travel, share some of these related websites in SciLinks with your students.

Science Scope Cover

Click here for the Table of Contents

 

Conceptual Framework for New Science Education Standards, draft ready for our review

By Peggy Ashbrook

Posted on 2010-07-13

Science learning begins in early childhood.

Science learning begins in early childhood.


Teachers of K-12, including early childhood educators, we have until August 2nd, 2010 to comment on the preliminary public draft of the Conceptual Framework for New Science Education Standards
Here are a few paragraphs from the beginning of the document to get you interested:
“This document is an interim draft of a report from a committee of the National Research Council (NRC) on K-12 science education in U.S. schools. It is being made public so that the authoring committee can receive comments and suggestions from interested practitioners, researchers, and the public to inform its final product.” (first page of Memo)
[Peggy: They want to hear from us! Therefore the authors may be forgiven for staying within the K-12 scope by describing children who are “entering school” as being kindergarteners. In this preschool teacher’s view, children “enter” school the first time they are formally taught, at home, in preschool, or in kindergarten.]
“The conceptual framework in this report presents the committee’s vision of the scope and nature of the education in science and engineering that is needed in the 21st century. Thus, it describes the major scientific ideas and practices that all students should be familiar with by the end of high school. Engineering and technology are featured alongside the natural sciences in recognition of the importance of understanding the designed world and of the need to better integrate the teaching and learning of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.” (Chapter 1, Introduction: A New Conceptual Framework, pg. 1-1)
 “The rationale for organizing content around core ideas comes from studies that show that one major difference between experts and novices in any field is the organization of their knowledge. Experts understand the core principles and theoretical frameworks of their field. Their retention of detailed information is aided by their understanding of its placement in the context of these principles and theories. Novices tend to hold disconnected and even contradictory bits of “knowledge” as isolated facts, and struggle to find a way to organize and integrate them. Learning to understand science or engineering in a more expert fashion requires development of an understanding of how facts are related to each other and to overarching core ideas. Research on learning shows building this kind of understanding is challenging, but is aided by explicit instructional support that stresses connections across different activities and learning experiences.” (Chapter 1, Introduction: A New Conceptual Framework, Understanding Develops Over Time, pg. 1-6)
[Peggy: Making connections may be easier in early childhood—before students have different teachers for different subjects.]
“As a result of our effort to identify fewer core ideas of science and engineering, some scientists and educators may be disappointed to find little or nothing of their favorite science topics included in this framework. The committee is convinced that by building a strong base of core knowledge and competencies, understood at a deep enough level to be used and applied, students will leave school with a better grounding in scientific knowledge and practices and greater interest in further learning in science, than those whose instruction “covers” multiple disconnected pieces of information, to be memorized and forgotten as soon as the test is done.” (Chapter 1, Introduction: A New Conceptual Framework, Selecting Core Ideas and Practices, pgs. 1-14 & 1-15)
[Peggy: Yes, let children work on a few topics or concepts for a long time to develop the deep understanding they are capable of. There are many favorites still in the mix.]
There are four grade level bands, K-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-12. I have only taken a brief look at Chapter 3, Core Ideas and Chapter 7, Learning Progressions, (similar in structure to the conceptual strand maps in the Atlas of Science Literacy (AAAS)), and see that there is more than one progression for each branch of science, one for each Core Idea. I definitely need more time to read and think about this draft and may need to see it printed out to really be able to think about it.
Here’s one question I have:
Does the Life Science Core Ideas 1, or 3, (see below) need to add something about plants and animals needing access to air into the K-2 section? Maybe it is omitted because the concept of matter existing as a gas is not introduced in the Physical Science Core Idea progression until Grades 3-5 (also below). 
Growing bean plantOn page 7-9, Life Science (LS) Core Idea 1: Organisms have structures and functions that facilitate their life processes, growth, and reproduction.
Grades K – 2
How do living things meet their basic needs?
All living things have various external parts. Different animals use their body parts in different ways to see, hear, grasp objects, seek, find and take in food and move from place to place. Plants also have different parts that help them meet their needs.
On page 7-11, LS Core Idea 3: Organisms and populations of organisms obtain necessary resources from their environment which includes other organisms and physical factors.
Grades K – 2
Where do animals get food?
Animals depend on plants and other animals for food. When animals and plants (or plant parts) die, they are fed upon by tiny organisms that break them apart. Plants depend on air, water and light to grow.
On page 7-40, Physical Science (PS) Core Idea 1: Macroscopic states and characteristic properties of matter depend on the type, arrangement and motion of particles at the molecular and atomic scales.
Grades K – 2
What kind of parts are objects made of? (macroscopic)
Objects are generally made of different parts. The parts can be made of different materials. Materials can be natural or manufactured from natural resources. The identity, characteristics and function of an object depend on the materials/building blocks used to make it, and the way they fit together. The same materials can exist as a solid or a liquid depending on the temperature. Solids have a definite shape while liquids flow to the lowest level in the container.
Grades 3 – 5
How do the parts of an object affect its structure and function? (macroscopic)
All substances are considered matter. Matter can exist as solid, liquid, or gas. In all forms it can be felt and weighed. It is possible to break materials apart into pieces too tiny to see. However, the material still exists and continues to have weight even though we can’t see it. You can make a great variety of objects with just a few types of components. The structure, properties and uses of the objects depend on the nature of the components and they ways they attach to one-another, but can be quite different from those of the components. Knowing about the characteristics of materials helps design uses of them. Many substances can exist as solid, liquid or gas depending on the temperature. Solids have definite shape and volume, liquids also occupy definite volume, but not shape, gases are made of particles too small to see that move around throughout the full volume of any container.
Thank you to all involved in this important endeavor. Let’s take a close look and give the committee our feedback. A survey will be posted on July 14, 2010.
Peggy

Science learning begins in early childhood.

Science learning begins in early childhood.

 

Summer sampler

By Mary Bigelow

Posted on 2010-07-09

Click here for the Table of Contents


I know that summer is well underway when I get my July issue of The Science Teacher with suggestions for new books to read, websites to explore, and topics to think about!
Call me a dinosaur, but to me there’s nothing better than curling up with a good book on a hot summer day—at the beach, by the river, in the park, or on the front stoop/porch. In addition to those novels I didn’t read during the school year, I’ve picked out a few science-related books form the recommendations in Kick Off Summer with Reading. (See A Diverse Summer Reading List in this month’s Science Scope for another list of suggested books). At NSTA Recommends, you can get the complete list.
The summer is not just for reading. This month’s Science 2.0 article Summer Surfing has a list of 21 free web tools to support learning. I’m familiar with and have used many of them (such as Google Docs, iGoogle, Inspiration, the NSTA Learning Center, and TED. But I made a little checklist for myself to look at the others. It’s unfortunate, however, that many of these tools are blocked in schools, requiring teachers to access them outside of school.

The author of A Virtual Circuits Lab shows how to extend students’ experiences beyond their elementary or middle school circuit-building activities. Using the simulation Circuit Construction Kit from the PhET collection of simulations (which can be downloaded or used online), his physics students explored and designed types of circuits. The author notes that “the simulations themselves do not make for a constructivist, inquiry-based lesson—the teacher must use these simulations as a tool for exploration and discussion. Lessons should allow for creativity and problem solving, instead of simple observation.”
I can spend hours at the PhET site! You can search the index of simulations by science content area or by grade level (including elementary and middle levels). Each animated simulation has teaching ideas and could be used by individuals or small groups or projected to a whole class. PhET is one of the many websites on Electronic Circuits in SciLinks.
Generate an Argument has step-by-step directions for implementing this type of activity to “discuss and critique the process, products, and context of an inquiry” and includes a lesson suggestion from the earth sciences. If you feel that you need to learn more about argumentation as an instructional strategies, check out the November 2009 issue of Science and Children for more examples.
I once observed a social studies class in which the students were investigating the technologies and inventions of the American industrial revolution of the late 19th century. I couldn’t help but think that this would have made a great interdisciplinary unit. The students in From Generation to Generation: Oral Histories of Scientific Inventions of the 20th Century learned about these inventions and technology directly from people in their community who had first-hand knowledge. My school had a “senior citizens” day every fall. Oral histories would have been a great activity. There are many sites that describe how to do podcasts (the free software Audacity is popular, but if you’re a little hesitant, ask some students to figure it out and teach the rest!  SciLinks has some websites with ideas in Technology and Human Culture.
I was disappointed to see that this was Alan Colburn’s last Prepared Practitioner column. I always enjoyed his concise look at connecting theory and practice. But fortunately, we have access to the NSTA archives to revisit his work. Thanks, Alan. Your column helped me to continue to be a “prepared practitioner.”
Check out the Connections for this issue. Even if the article does not quite fit with your lesson agenda, this resource has ideas for handouts, background information sheets, data sheets, rubrics, etc.

Click here for the Table of Contents

 

Is "connecting with nature" the same as "science"?

By Peggy Ashbrook

Posted on 2010-07-09

Children looking closely at a grub on a nature walk.Take a look at The ChildCare Information Exchange’s current “Insta-Poll” (a casual poll of readers) on their views on the Highest Priority Teacher Training Topics. “Connecting children with nature” is fifth in priority today when I looked at the poll, mentioned by 19% of the 263 people who had so far responded and “Science” is 42nd, tied with “Art” as mentioned by 3% of respondents. The Exchange publishes books, the Child Care Information Exchange magazine and the online ExchangeEveryDay daily early childhood newsbrief, and founded the independent non-profit organization, the World Forum Foundation, which runs a yearly conference on early care and education.
I think science walks and explorations, and making art would be excellent ways to connect children with nature. Perhaps taking nature walks would be a good first step in strengthening the science curriculum in early childhood programs.
The “Into the Woods” Teaching through Trade Books column by Karen Ansberry and Emily Morgan (Science and Children April/May 2007) describes how a class can explore a natural area outdoors, record their observations, and create a class book containing their own questions and answers about local wildlife (available at no cost online to NSTA members and to non-members after registration—scroll down to search).  “A Walk in the ‘Tall, Tall Grass’” by Kathryn Kaatz (Science and Children February 2008) describes an inquiry-based lesson (inspired by Denise Fleming’s 1991 book entitled, In the Tall, Tall Grass) that takes kindergarteners out on a nature walk to make observations and record them (available at no cost online to NSTA members and for $0.99 to non-members—scroll down to search).
An isopod, also called roly-polies, pillbugs, and potato bugs, on the sidewalk.Clouds can have interesting shapes.Children are thrilled by the smallest discoveries, such as a critter on the sidewalk or an interesting cloud. I’m wondering, can every walk can be a nature walk in early childhood or should some be specially for observing?
Peggy

Children looking closely at a grub on a nature walk.Take a look at The ChildCare Information Exchange’s current “Insta-Poll” (a casual poll of readers) on their views on the Highest Priority Teacher Training Topics. “Connecting children with nature” is fifth in priority today when I looke

 

Safety information for teaching science

By Peggy Ashbrook

Posted on 2010-07-08

In planning for the school year, I check for safety considerations on the National Science Teachers Association website, at www.nsta.org/portals/safety.aspx#elem
Children wear safety goggles.Of course, each class of children is different, and I won’t know until September if any of the four-year-olds still put small objects in their mouths, or if any of the children have allergies. I’ll use the links to find safety guidelines, but once I know my class I’ll be able to know which hazards particularly apply to my students. Wearing safety goggles when working with substances such as Borax solutions which  might splash and get into children’s eyes is good practice but requires teacher vigilance to make sure children keep them on!
Some of the dangers I’ve seen occur (which I did not predict) are:

  • Children blowing into a plate of dry sand that we were looking at using magnifiers and getting sand in their eyes. Now I give children just a pinch of sand into their palms and caution them not to blow or it may get into their eyes. I could also have the children use safety goggles but they find it hard to use the magnifiers at the same time.
  • Children standing on a group of marbles (on purpose) and slipping. Now I only give out two marbles per child.
  • Children falling when they slipped on the edge of a scarf while dancing around a room with a tile floor. We moved the scarves to a carpeted area.
  • I forgot that a child had contact allergies to wheat and brought in a container of Tenebrio beetles and their babies (mealworms) which live in a bedding of oatmeal and wheat bran. Luckily another teacher remembered before I opened the container and the class just observed the insects inside.
  • Children flinging dirt up into the eyes of the next child. Now I model how to dig towards oneself before we hand out the large soup spoons we use as trowels. It also helps to enthusiastically say, “Oh look at all that good dirt you are digging up! Save that dirt right next to the hole so you can use it to put back around the flower bulb/roots after you plants.”

I hope you’ll share some safety tips with all the Early Years readers by commenting below.
Washing hands after handling dirt, or other substance which may have harmful bacteria, viruses, or molds, or animals such as guinea pigs or slugs, is one of the easiest safety precautions to put into use, but it does take time. It makes sense to have a sink in every early childhood classroom and two or three might be even better! Can you suggest ways to make hand-washing go faster or an activity to do while waiting to wash?
Peggy

In planning for the school year, I check for safety considerations on the National Science Teachers Association website, at www.nsta.org/portals/safety.aspx#elem

 

What's new on NSTA's various online social media outposts

By Howard Wahlberg

Posted on 2010-07-06

What’s New for July 5th on NSTA’s various online outposts

Highlights of stimulating conversations taking place right now on our listservs:

  • Biology—Evolutionary, biological, and anatomical misconceptions, Biology Art Projects, and CheeseMaking for gifted elementary students;
  • Chemistry—alcohol and flame test;
  • Earth Science—Microfossil Sand Collection;
  • Elementary Science—teaching the concept of the mole;
  • Pedagogy—understanding labs;
  • Physical Science—class instant response systems;

In NSTA’s online professional learning communities, we welcome our 20 new users this past week, and forum posts involving rates of reaction are being discussed.
On our “core site” (www.nsta.org): our web news digest is active with stories on teachers getting training on oil spills, and cotton candy, and roller coasters.
On Facebook, NASA and classwish.org are posting links to various programs for science educators.
On LinkedIn, more direct posts from NSTA’s Career Center, and discussions about springtime ferns and next generation education.
And of course, on our Twitter stream, science educators are tweeting and re-tweeting about several freebies that NSTA offers, the upcoming national San Francisco conference, and more!
Renew Your Membership!
Now is the time to insure that you don’t miss a single journal issue or one minute of the time you use to network and build professional connections here in these online communities. Click the link above to renew your membership and insure that NSTA stays in your corner for your science education career!

What’s New for July 5th on NSTA’s various online outposts

Highlights of stimulating conversations taking place right now on our listservs:

 

Re-grouping in the calm after the end of the school year

By Peggy Ashbrook

Posted on 2010-07-03

Seed sprouting experiment ended when water dried upSeed sprouting experiment comparing 3 different amounts of water.This past year I didn’t communicate well enough with some of the classroom teachers I work with so some science activities that might have been used sat on the shelf instead. Putting my efforts into doing science with the classes of children has introduced their teachers to many activities but has not developed the teachers’ knowledge of science inquiry as fully as I had hoped. So next year I plan to…..(“calm” is relative—at least the summer pace of re-thinking my science work, planning family gatherings and summer school attendance is less hectic than the weekly gathering of materials for upcoming activities and parent meetings that occur during the school year.)
Now I have more time for reflection on where I want to make improvements to the science instruction at the preschool programs I’m involved with. One school has already sent out an email requesting ideas for strengthening the curriculum for the upcoming school year. I would like to do a training in science inquiry with the classroom teachers so they can experience the process themselves away from children. Taking a professional development course about science inquiry in early childhood myself at the University of Northern Iowa is one way I’m going to develop my skills. My summer reading list has a few teaching-related items on it, including the short piece How toAsk the Right Questions by Patricia E. Blosser, a guide to evaluating your use of questions in the classroom and how the amount of time you wait for students to answer, and how long you wait to reply, affect the students’ learning. Summer issue cover of Science and ChildrenAnd I’m going to look for ways to collaborate close to home so I can learn all year long—your comments on the NSTA blogs and the discussions on the NSTA email lists always inform, and planning time with the other teachers in the school helps me reflect on what and how I teach. See the Summer 2010 issue of Science and Children for more ideas about how to make professional development work for you.
Peggy

Seed sprouting experiment ended when water dried up

 

Green Science: How green is your lawn?

Science Scope—Summer 2010

The perfect American lawn—green, lush, weed- and pest-free—is pursued by millions of Americans, who expend a massive amount of resources to attain this ideal. Americans spend an estimated $25 billion a year on lawn care, and a one-acre lawn costs approximately $400–$700 a year to maintain (Bormann, Balmori, Geballe 1993; EPA 2009a). While lawn care seems to be just part of everyday life, the effects of lawn maintenance on the environment are not minor. This article will address the myriad effects of lawn maintenance and environmentally friendly alternatives.
The perfect American lawn—green, lush, weed- and pest-free—is pursued by millions of Americans, who expend a massive amount of resources to attain this ideal. Americans spend an estimated $25 billion a year on lawn care, and a one-acre lawn costs approximately $400–$700 a year to maintain (Bormann, Balmori, Geballe 1993; EPA 2009a). While lawn care seems to be just part of everyday life, the effects of lawn maintenance on the environment are not minor. This article will address the myriad effects of lawn maintenance and environmentally friendly alternatives.
The perfect American lawn—green, lush, weed- and pest-free—is pursued by millions of Americans, who expend a massive amount of resources to attain this ideal. Americans spend an estimated $25 billion a year on lawn care, and a one-acre lawn costs approximately $400–$700 a year to maintain (Bormann, Balmori, Geballe 1993; EPA 2009a). While lawn care seems to be just part of everyday life, the effects of lawn maintenance on the environment are not minor. This article will address the myriad effects of lawn maintenance and environmentally friendly alternatives.
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