By Mary Bigelow
Posted on 2012-08-13
Are you thinking of supplementing traditional textbooks with digital media? If you’re looking for websites and other resources for your curriculum topics, take a look at SciLinks, NSTA’s collection of vetted websites. Access to the site is free, and a free registration will give you access to even more features.
You can find websites in the database either by using the codes in your SciLinked textbook (look for the logo) or NSTA publication or by searching for a keyword and grade level on the site.
As a teacher, you can provide logins for students to search for sites, give them a list of suggestions, or include the links in another online document such as Moodle, a social media site, a class blog, or your website. With the “Favorite Websites” feature of SciLinks, you can create your own subset of websites to share with students. For interested or advanced students, you might go up to the next grade level or you could go down a level for students who may struggle with the text. Share a login with the librarian so that he/she can remind students of this resource. If your students use the technology at a local public library, perhaps the staff there could be alerted as to how and why students would access this.
One thing I’ve enjoyed over the years is using the SciLinks websites to keep current on topics such as human genome research, earthquakes, or climate change. If you’re unfamiliar with a topic, searching for sites geared to middle or high school students would be a quick and painless way to learn more about it.
Are you thinking of supplementing traditional textbooks with digital media? If you’re looking for websites and other resources for your curriculum topics, take a look at SciLinks, NSTA’s collection of vetted websites. Access to the site is free, and a free registration will give you access to even more features.
By Mary Bigelow
Posted on 2012-08-10
With the College Board’s increased emphasis on student inquiry as part of the AP Biology curriculum revision, I am struggling with whether to require my students to keep a written and bound laboratory notebook, as is the practice in industry. The biology department chairman at our local university says that such practice is up to individual professors. Is the lab notebook going the way of the dinosaurs as laptops and notepads are becoming more common?
—Dan, Missouri
We hear a lot in journals and at conferences about science notebooks, but the role of technology is a consideration. I forwarded your question to two science professionals for additional insights.
Rose Clark, PhD, is the department chair and a professor of chemistry at Saint Francis University, in Loretto, Pennsylvania. She also works with classroom teachers as part of a math-science collaborative.
In academics the laboratory notebook is still crucial. Documentation of research/experimental data is very necessary, and written analysis is still a major form of documentation. I do not know of any colleagues in chemistry research that have gone to tablet [computers]. We do have a lot of electronic data on the other hand that has to be saved and stored as part of the documentation of our work. I am sure there is a mix in industry as well.
In general, as an educator, I think it is critical that the students learn the process of keeping a good laboratory notebook on paper. Taking the time to write in the notebook allows the students time to organize their thoughts. They also take the time to create tables and organize data since they will not be able to reorganize easily. I would hate to see students not trained to use a paper notebook. Once they get a job they will easily learn software to keep notebooks if needed but learning the process of keeping a good notebook is harder to teach.
Nicole Henderson is a biologist and an associate staff scientist at the Hershey Company.
This is an interesting and timely question. As we stand today, we [those working in research and development] are still using traditional lab notebooks for project work. There is a push currently to move to electronic lab notebooks as part of a “knowledge management” process. [The team is] looking at several systems, but it wouldn’t just be keeping the same information in emails or word docs—it has to be part of a bigger, searchable system.
Many of us currently in science research and education grew up with hard copy notebooks. But it’s hard to predict what tools our students will be using in their future endeavors, and we want them to be able to adapt to new tools as they are developed. As Dr. Clark notes, having a strong foundation in organizing and analyzing data seems more important for students than mastering a current technology that will itself be soon outdated.
You might also consider how students will access electronic-only lab documents during the year, both in and outside of class. Will they have to log into a school network or document-sharing program to retrieve them? Will they maintain their own copies digitally? How will students access their notebooks in the future (for example, referring to their work after they go on to college)?
Electronic tools do have advantages in terms of communications. Files can be archived, updated, and shared for input and comments. (I know teachers who are using LiveBinders http://www.livebinders.com/ for students to create electronic portfolios.) As a teacher, I would welcome a way to avoid carrying dozens of student notebooks around to review. I also can’t imagine writing a report in longhand or organizing data without a spreadsheet.
I visited a biology class recently in which the teacher used a hybrid approach. The students were investigating the relationship between salt concentrations in water and the growth of plants. Students on each team recorded their own data in their notebooks. The teacher then guided the students through designing a spreadsheet in Google Docs in which all of the teams could combine their data. The spreadsheet was displayed on the white board as each data set was entered. Right away, students began noticing patterns and anomalies. The class discussion was intense as they tried to explain them.
Whatever hardware and software students use today will probably be extinct “dinosaurs” within a few years. For example, in the 1990s (not that long ago), my dissertation was prepared with software that no longer exists and stored on a 3.5″ floppy disk. I was able to translate the documents into a version compatible with my current technology, but most of the formatting was lost. Fortunately, I still have the hard copy. I also still have my yellowed and dog-eared high school and college science notebooks.
Rather than thinking of traditional notebooks as “dinosaurs,” perhaps we should think of them as “horseshoe crabs”—predating and surviving the dinosaurs, and having a role to play even as other tools become available and relevant.
Photo source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3072/3110638201_0b7e66a19a.jpg
With the College Board’s increased emphasis on student inquiry as part of the AP Biology curriculum revision, I am struggling with whether to require my students to keep a written and bound laboratory notebook, as is the practice in industry. The biology department chairman at our local university says that such practice is up to individual professors. Is the lab notebook going the way of the dinosaurs as laptops and notepads are becoming more common?
By Peggy Ashbrook
Posted on 2012-08-09
What should, or can, a teacher plant during the early days of school to support children’s adjustment to school and deepen their understanding of living organisms? The answer to this question depends on many variables, including whether your school is located close to or far away from the equator, how high above sea level it is, how much space you have, how much direct sunlight the space gets, and if water is available.
If you sprout seeds in containers in the classroom and in an outdoor garden, children can observe and measure the root and sprout growth up close, while getting a harvest from the outdoor garden later in the fall. Use a vegetable planting guide and recommended planting dates guide for your area, such as Publication 426-331 by Allen Straw of the Virginia Cooperative Extension to see what crop you can plant and harvest before a winter freeze.
I’m going to have the children plant bush green beans and lettuce, hoping we can harvest before a frost. We’ll also plant a few perennial plants that come back after the winter for more than one year to provide nectar sources for butterflies. To choose perennial plants for your flower garden, look on the US Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone Map to find out what zone you live in. The map uses the average annual extreme minimum temperatures from 1976-2005 to determine the zones. Once you know your zone, you can choose plants that are hardy throughout the year in your zone. (Look at the plant labels or descriptions in a gardening book.) The boundaries of these zones may have changed since your childhood and will continue to change in coming years as the climate changes.
Read Sid Perkins’ column in the June 30th, 2012 Science News on how observations made by citizen scientists track climate changes to their local environments at http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/341492/title/People__The_Science_Life
You can be part of a network of citizens who document temperature or other natural phenomena—see the Citizen Science Central’s list of projects. Project BudBurst is one such project, a network of people across the United States who monitor plants, including lilacs, as the seasons change.
By sprouting seeds, children are busy taking care of another living organism, and can help the seed survive by meeting its needs. Discussion and close observation can reveal the children’s needs—perhaps a longer rest time, a different color for their nametag, or a job to do to make them feel valued and part of the class.
Peggy
By admin
Posted on 2012-08-08
The 2012 Summer Olympics provides an exciting backdrop for STEM opportunities. Help students apply both the concepts of science and engineering design with Science of the Summer Olympics videos and connected lesson plans created by the partnership of NBC Learn, NSF, and NSTA. This installment, Designing Safety Helmets, focuses on the intersection of safety, design, and performance. With the current emphasis on preventing head injuries in middle- and high-school athletes, this one is sure to spark lively discussion.
One of the things you’ll notice about the connected lesson plans, based loosely on the research of Brian Hand at the University of Iowa, is that the traditional investigative framework of scientific methods is replaced by a more student-driven approach fueled by your prompts. The idea of students making claims based on their own investigative evidence gives students more ownership of their results, which generally results in greater depth of understanding. Your state or district standards, however, may be focused on aspects of scientific methods, such as “Students will form a hypothesis or an if/then statement.” If so, help students recast their beginning question into a hypothesis. For example, a beginning question such as How do different materials react to the same amount of force? can be recast into a hypothesis such as “If the same amount of force is applied to three different kinds of foam, the densest foam will compress the least.” As students complete their investigation and begin to make claims based on their evidence, help them realize that similarly, their results can be used to state whether their hypothesis was supported or not supported.
The series is available cost-free on www.NBCLearn.com and www.NSF.gov. Use the link below to download the lesson plans in a format you can edit to customize for your situation. And if you had to make significant changes to a lesson, we’d love to see what you did differently, as well as why you made the changes. Leave a comment, and we’ll get in touch with you with submission information. We look forward to hearing from you!
–Judy Elgin Jensen
Boxing image courtesy of Ian Glover.
Biking image courtesy of Sum of Marc.
Video
In “Designing Safety Helmets,” Dr. Nikhil Gupta, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, explains the challenges associated with designing safety helmets used by different types of athletes. In his lab, he and other members of his team use specialized equipment, including cameras and microscopes, to test and analyze how the various materials used in helmets withstand impact. Dr. Gupta also discusses the importance of the comfort and fit of a helmet, as well as how this critical piece of safety equipment actually holds up under real world conditions.
Lesson plans
Two versions of the lesson plans help students build background and develop questions they can explore regarding safety helmet design and construction, materials used in the helmets, or how forces affect the materials. Both include strategies to support students in their own quest for answers and strategies for a more focused approach that helps all students participate in hands-on inquiry.
SOTSO: Designing Safety Helmets models how students might investigate factors associated with impact forces on safety helmets.
SOTSO: Designing Safety Helmets, An Engineering Perspective models how students might apply what they learn in the video or other sources to recommend when a boxer or other athlete should replace safety headgear.
You can use the following form to e-mail us edited versions of the lesson plans:
[contact-form 2 “ChemNow]
The 2012 Summer Olympics provides an exciting backdrop for STEM opportunities. Help students apply both the concepts of science and engineering design with Science of the Summer Olympics videos and connected lesson plans created by the partnership of NBC Learn, NSF, and NSTA. This installment, Designing Safety Helmets, focuses on the intersection of safety, design, and performance.
By Mary Bigelow
Posted on 2012-08-07
By Peggy Ashbrook
Posted on 2012-08-06
By Mary Bigelow
Posted on 2012-08-03
Last year, a new science teacher in our middle school really struggled with classroom management issues. My principal is trying to help him, and she asked me if I could also work with him this year. I have some ideas, but I’m not sure how to approach him and offer suggestions.
–Melissa from Nebraska
Even successful student teachers can get a rude awakening in their first year, when they are responsible for their classes from Day 1. They don’t have the advantage of stepping into a situation that was already in place, in terms of setting up a lab/classroom, equipment inventories, safety, and routines. It can be overwhelming, and some may be hesitant to ask for help.
Your principal must see some potential in this teacher, such as his content knowledge, real-life experiences to share with students, or ability to connect with adolescents. She also seems to have recognized you have the experience and expertise to help this new teacher.
I would start by talking with the principal about the task. Are you to assume an evaluative role? That usually requires administrative credentials and there may be issues with the teacher contract if you were to take on this level of responsibility.
I suspect, however, that the principal is asking you to take on the role of a mentor—someone who can be a role model, a good listener, a provider of feedback, and a source of suggestions and resources. I’d ask what kind of follow-up, if any, the principal expects of you and the other teacher (e.g., a written report, a summary of your conversations). Even if the principal does not require any documentation, I’d still keep an informal journal of the process and suggest the new teacher do the same.
You’ll want to be helpful to your colleague but not a judgmental know-it-all. You could start with an informal conversation. “I understand that you had some challenges with classroom management last year. This happens to everyone, and Ms. Principal asked if I would be willing to help you. I remember my first year, and I had some real difficulties, too.” You could ask questions as discussion starters: What were your successes last year? What routines worked for you? What were your greatest challenges? What are your goals for this year? He may not realize that even experienced teachers face new situations every year, so it may help to share some of your current challenges and how you’re working on them.
Start with one or two issues he identified. For example, ask what routines he has in place for the beginning and end of the class period. Disruptions often occur at these times, and it is important for students to be engaged and to know what is expected of them. Having routines in place frees up time to spend on more important topics and activities, rather than dealing with discipline or logistical issues. Share some of your suggestions for bell-ringers and exit activities, ask him to try them for a week or two, and debrief on the results.
Ask your principal if you may visit this teacher’s classroom. (Perhaps the principal would be willing to cover a class for you to do so.) As you observe the class, you’ll probably identify other items to discuss related to organizational strategies, safety issues, or student participation. It might also be helpful for him to observe your classes as your students follow your routines and engage in planned and purposeful activities.
The ultimate evaluation of this teacher is the responsibility of the principal, but your input and support can be helpful in helping him learn from his experiences and get his career off to a good start.
Last year, a new science teacher in our middle school really struggled with classroom management issues. My principal is trying to help him, and she asked me if I could also work with him this year. I have some ideas, but I’m not sure how to approach him and offer suggestions.
–Melissa from Nebraska
By admin
Posted on 2012-08-03
With the attention of educators across the country focused on STEM, the 2012 Summer Olympics provide a perfect opportunity to create new tools for science teachers. NBC Learn, NSF, and NSTA have partnered to create Science of the Summer Olympics videos with connected lesson plans that will help students apply both the concepts of science and engineering design. The series is available cost-free on www.NBCLearn.com and www.NSF.gov.
This installment, The Biomechanics of Usain Bolt, focuses on the interaction of knowledge of body systems and application of engineering design processes. In the science classroom, bioengineering is typically connected to work with genes. But the field encompasses a much broader stroke and the video gives students an inside look at how mechanical engineers no longer study only aspects of machinery.
If you’ve used the Science of… series in the past, you’ll notice a change in the lesson plan format. The lesson plans are based loosely on the research of Brian Hand at the University of Iowa, whose science writing heuristic fosters within students a more complete understanding of science concepts. The lesson plans use the videos as springboards to help you involve your students in developing their own questions to explore with liberal use of prompts to keep students focused during their investigations. The depth and complexity of the inquiry falls out of the grade level, background knowledge, and creativity of your students. Although the strategy can be used with elementary students through college-level, the videos and lesson plans are expected to be most successful with middle- and high-school students. A quick search in the NSTA Science Store will give you additional resources on the science writing heuristic.
You may not need another hands-on strategy, but take a look at the lesson plans anyway. Included are ideas for how to incorporate the videos into your own lessons as well as background and timing on the video segments. Then, be sure to let us know how they work for you in real classroom situations. And if you had to make significant changes to a lesson, we’d love to see what you did differently, as well as why you made the changes. Leave a comment, and we’ll get in touch with you with submission information. After all, inquiring minds want to know!
–Judy Elgin Jensen
Photo courtesy of Activ i Oslo.
Video
In “The Biomechanics of Usain Bolt,” Mechanical engineers Dr. Anette Hosoi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Samuel Hamner (Stanford University) study Usain Bolt’s physical structure to help determine how he is able to run so fast. Their findings might enable them to develop solutions for people with movement disorders or to optimize the performance of athletes.
Lesson plans
Two versions of the lesson plans help students build background and develop a question about Usain Bolt, how a movement might be improved, or how bones and muscles work together. Both includes strategies to support students in their own quest for answers and strategies for a more focused approach that helps all students participate in hands-on inquiry.
SOTSO: The Biomechanics of Usain Bolt models how students might investigate factors how bones and muscles work together and how muscle strength impacts an action.
SOTSO: The Biomechanics of Usain Bolt, An Engineering Perspective models how students might apply what they learn in the video or other sources about analyzing actions or how movement might be improved through redesign.
You can use the following form to e-mail us edited versions of the lesson plans:
[contact-form 2 “ChemNow]
With the attention of educators across the country focused on STEM, the 2012 Summer Olympics provide a perfect opportunity to create new tools for science teachers. NBC Learn, NSF, and NSTA have partnered to create Science of the Summer Olympics videos with connected lesson plans that will help students apply both the concepts of science and engineering design.
By Robert Yager
Posted on 2012-08-02
–Occasional commentary by Robert E. Yager (NSTA President, 1982-1983)
James Paul Gee (2012) has written a publication titled “Beyond Mindless Progressivism”. He confesses his surprise that so many educators lapse into “mindless progressivism” with the assumption that children learn best by participation and immersion in activities proposed by teachers and/or the directions provided in textbooks and associated laboratory activities. Students are merely expected to follow directions and repeat in classrooms what teachers or instructional materials provide. Parents are often encouraged to help their children to do all that they are told to do and to be ready to report on it as evidence of their “learning.” Teachers often report they want higher-order and meta-level thinking skills – but too often teachers and the curriculum do not help students reach such learning goals.
Gee indicates that most classrooms result in a few student “producers” while the remaining continue to be “consumers” (of real learning!). He has called for more teachers to recognize that all students are different. He has found that students in typical classrooms are “divided into a small number of ‘priests’ (insiders with ‘special’ knowledge and skills) and the “laity” (followers who use language, knowledge, and tools they do not understand deeply and cannot transform ideas for use in new contexts).” This situation is normal and should be expected by the most effective teachers.
Gee advocates “post-progressive pedagogy” and wants his readers to consider using the term “situated learning.” He has offered 17 examples of such environments which can lead more students to useful learning and understanding. Gee first suggests the learning classroom must acknowledge that there are multiple routes to full and personal participation for all members of a group, which is organized around common interests and passions.
His last feature of the learning classroom (#17) is that all learners will be well prepared to be active, thoughtful, engaged members of the public sphere which is the ultimate purpose of “public” education! This means an allegiance to arguments and evidence over ideology and force. It also means the ability to take and engage with multiple perspectives based on people’s diverse life experiences–not just in terms of race, class, and gender, but also the myriad differences that constitute the uniqueness of each person and the many different social and cultural allegiances all have.
Gee’s forward-looking suggestions are vital for current efforts to develop the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). This means defining Science as the exploration of the material universe seeking explanations for the objects and events encountered. Science then is portrayed as a search for explanations found in nature, supported with evidence to establish the validity of the explanations offered both by scientists and others. It often means work in collaboration with others – much unlike the products of art, music, economics, and physical training. Unfortunately this central ingredient of science is something few students experience as science in schools.
Wondering about the natural world is fun and rewarding, but it is seldom enhanced or encouraged in classes called “science” in K-16 educational settings. For students to succeed in real science they must look beyond textbook information or their teachers’ explanations. The best science students too often are the ones who do what they are told – and who remember the words defined and described in typical science classes. In a sense, real science is missing in most educational settings (schools and colleges) where it is supposedly being provided. Teachers seek to control by assessing what students do not remember rather than being involved in learning with a purpose.
Technology results when engineers apply their understanding of the natural world to design ways to satisfy human needs and wants. It illustrates its effectiveness (necessity) of being central to educational reforms and how it can enhance the curriculum and the teaching in all K-16 educational settings. One problem is that most educators define science as the information in textbooks and/or from state and national standards or from their own experiences with one or more science discipline in classrooms. This ensures that progressivism will continue and result in no real reforms of science teaching/learning.
How can we get more educators interested and working to meet the reforms which Gee has so meaningfully defined and illustrated! Instead progressivism and the teaching of a set curriculum will continue to result in failure. Few graduates are prepared to provide science for all students for citizenship responsibilities.
–Robert E. Yager
Professor of Science education
University of Iowa
Image of bored students courtesy of cybrarian77.
–Occasional commentary by Robert E. Yager (NSTA President, 1982-1983)
By Rob McNeely
Posted on 2012-08-01
Hiking Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve
NSTA Costa Rica Trip Day 8
July 30th, 2012
(posted on behalf of Greg Neff)
Today we are returning to San Jose, but before we do we will explore the Cloud Forest reserve. This reserve is part of the reserve protected by George Powell’s conservation efforts to preserve critical habitat and migration ranges in the Montverde area. The reserve is managed by the non-profit, Tropical Science Center. This Preserve is part of a complex ecosystem, which includes: six distinct ecological zones and is helping to protect birds and butterflies, mammals, insects, and thousands of species of plants.
There are several senderos (trails), and our hike began on the Sendero Bosque Nuboso (Cloud Forest trail) where we observed many stages of development of strangler figs. These plants can be of several different species. What gives them their name is the habit of growing around the host tree and becoming tree size themselves, thus restricting the growth of the host. This growth habit is an adaptation for growing in dark forests where the competition for light is intense. The plants begin life as epiphytes, germinating somewhere in the canopy of the host. As the seedling grows, its roots grow downward encasing the tree. When the roots reach the ground, it can derive its nutrients from the soil and it is no longer an epiphyte. The host eventually dies and the result is a hollow area inside the strangler tree. This hollow area becomes roosting area for 40 different bat species, as well and many other organisms.
A large percentage of the surfaces in the cloud forest are covered with moss. Mosses can hold up to 8 times their mass in water. This water makes moisture available to the rest of the forest; epiphytes often are embedded in the moss. The vast majority of the biomass is actually found in the canopy of the cloud forest, much less on the floor.
The trail intersected the El camino trail (the road) which was on old oxcart trail before the preserve came into existence. We saw and heard a small portion of the 400 possible bird species. Birds seem to be shyer and were very difficult to photograph. We did see Trogans, several species of Wrens, Nightingale Thrush, Black Juans, and Wood Creepers. Also discovered on this trail we’re several of the 420 possible orchids, ranging from plants the size of a bunch of thread with flowers the size of pinheads, to plants with flowers the size of my hand.
The Wilford Guindon trail lead off to a suspension bridge which brought us into the canopy layer. Here we were able to get a closer look at the massive quantities of moss, embedded with epiphytes. There is far greater quantity of light up here. This trail returned us to the reserve center where we were able to board the bus and head to San Jose.
We had to make a decision whether to return directly to San Jose or to take a side trip to the town of Sarchi, where we might be able to peruse the large souvenir store. The concern was that the side trip would add 2 hours to our return. We were scheduled for a follow-up lecture at the hotel and our schedule would be tight.
Suggestion was made by this writer that instead of the side trip, we take the quicker route back and visit the tourist market in the center of San Jose. We voted on the suggestion that was a quicker, but beautiful route back to San Jose. When we arrived in San Jose, traffic quickly came to a crawl in the neighborhood of the market, as the small farmers union of Costa Rica was holding a demonstration, protesting land taxes. Our schedule had to change and we lost out on the final lecture. However we did make it to the hotel in time for dinner.
Hiking Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve
NSTA Costa Rica Trip Day 8
July 30th, 2012
(posted on behalf of Greg Neff)